Climate Change
What are carbon emissions and how do they contribute to climate change?
Greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) - often called carbon emissions - are a form of air pollution. GHGs change the earth’s climate by trapping heat. As humans put more GHGs into the atmosphere, the planet’s atmospheric insulation changes from a nice, breathable summer quilt to a dangerous layer of bubble wrap that changes living conditions for virtually everything on Earth. If you want to learn more, check out this explainer video.
What is a carbon footprint?
A carbon footprint, also known as a carbon inventory, is the total amount of greenhouse gases produced by something or someone. Companies and countries have carbon footprints, and so do you. A company's carbon footprint includes many different kinds of emissions, including things you might not think of, like emissions from raw material extraction and shipping. To learn more about what’s included in a company’s carbon footprint, check out our How It Works page.
How much does the world need to reduce its total carbon footprint?
A lot! And quickly. Recent estimates show the planet’s emissions reached a record high of 54 BILLION tCO2e in 2023. There is more CO2 collected in the atmosphere now than ever before. In order to avoid continuing on this path and facing the tragic impacts of climate change, like more frequent and intense incidents of extreme weather, we need to reduce global greenhouse gases way below current levels, starting immediately. Find out more about the need for global emission reductions here.
Why is this important now?
People have been talking about climate change for decades and doing very little about it, so the issue is more critical than ever. All of the recent science suggests that we're approaching a point of no return on climate change - and political, economic, and social systems are not responding quickly enough. Humanity's decisions in the next 10 years will determine, more than ever before, how our climate changes and the extent of its impacts over the next century and beyond. If you want to dig deeper, we suggest checking out Vox’s breakdown of the situation. Or, if you have some time to dive in, peruse this authoritative (700 page) report.
What does tCO2e mean?
There are six primary GHGs, so it's helpful to count them with a single unit: tCO2e. tCO2e stands for tonnes (t) of carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent (e). "Tonne" is a fancy way of writing metric ton, or 2,200 pounds. “Carbon dioxide equivalent” is a standard unit for counting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions regardless of whether they’re from carbon dioxide or another gas, such as methane.
How are carbon credits created?
Carbon credits are created when someone does a project to eliminate a metric tonne of greenhouse gas emissions. The project might be a reforestation initiative that sequesters (sucks up) CO2, or a project that replaces coal-fired electricity with solar electricity. The project developer can sell the carbon benefits of the project in the form of carbon credits. There are hundreds of ways to create carbon credits, and the list is growing steadily. Find out more about different types of carbon projects here.
How does a carbon credit help fight climate change?
Carbon credits are away to put money into climate change solutions. Solutions such as tree planting involve increasing the global uptake of carbon. Solutions such as clean energy involve transitioning electric power generation away from fossil fuels. We need them all, and we need them all very soon.
Carbon credits are especially useful to accelerate investment in GHG reductions when emissions can’t otherwise be avoided. Some reduction projects are complex and take many years. Some projects don't yet have technologies ready yet. Many economic processes in our world don’t have zero-carbon options yet. For an example, let’s take a look at flying on airplanes. It’s possible to limit your flying, but air travel is a part of daily life. Until we have all-electric planes charged with zero-carbon electricity, we need to rely on carbon credits and support the development of sustainable aviation fuels.
How do you know if carbon credits work?
The voluntary market for carbon credits has evolved continuously since it was created more than twenty years ago. The quality in the market is overseen by third-party standard-setting bodies, which create quality criteria for projects. Increasingly, carbon credits are also subject to scrutiny by ratings firms with their own quality criteria.
To be considered 'verified' under our standards, credits must be retired from one of these third-party registries:
Our standard relies on this system of registries, and includes additional criteria to help provide certified companies with additional guidance in the selection process. Our goal is to recognize only those carbon credits that deliver the benefits they are supposed to. Our standards require that credits be 'eligible' using the carbon credit selection criteria that we maintain with the input of an external advisory group. Our eligibility criteria help provide an additional filter against projects that don't meet the 'big six' requirements: real, permanent, quantifiable, verifiable, enforceable, and additional.
What’s the link between race, racism, poverty, and climate change?
Climate change is a massively overriding environmental issue that has disproportionate effects on minorities and disadvantaged communities. People of color in America suffer more from climate change. People of color also care more about it. And while race and racism are top of mind in America right now, it’s also important to remember that the people most affected by climate change globally are also among the poorest. Solving climate change doesn’t solve racism or poverty, but we cannot solve climate change or poverty without solutions that recognize the rights and wellbeing of every person. For further reading, we recommend checking out:
About The Change Climate Project
What does it mean when I see the Climate Neutral Certified label?
When you see the label, you know that a brand has met a high standard for climate action, and is actively funding projects that will eliminate greenhouse gas emissions.
Let’s use our favorite fictional example, a company called InTents. The label on InTents products means that the company has counted up the carbon emissions it’s responsible for, allocated a budget ($15 per tonne in 2025) for climate projects, and documented key details of its climate initiative.
If you’re shopping for a tent, and see our label on the InTents website, you can check out InTents’ profile page and see that InTents certified by measuring 67,145 tonnes of 2024 emissions. You can also see details of InTents' climate initiatives.
You’ll find The Climate Label on product packaging, websites, and social media.
What is the end goal of your organization?
The Change Climate Project aims to get thousands of companies to launch and grow high impact climate initiatives, leading to millions of tonnes of greenhouse gas reductions around the world.
In the course of doing this, we aim to create a trusted label that is a useful tool for consumers to incorporate their values into their everyday purchase decisions.
Who is behind your organization?
TCCP is an independent nonprofit, led by its own team and overseen by its Board of Directors. Our work is funded through the generous support of our donors, as well as through program fees that we charge to users of our tools, and to companies that use our label.
How do I know you guys are legit?
We have a transparent process and follow industry best practices to ensure good governance practices. Our organization is overseen by a board of directors, advisors, and a technical advisory committee (meet our team and advisors here) and maintained through a regular stakeholder process. Our certification standards are transparently posted, and are reviewed and updated annually through our stakeholder feedback process to make sure they are consistent with the latest best practices in corporate responsibility and the current state of the voluntary carbon market.
How are you different from other pledges and labels?
For starters, we don't sell carbon offsets or consulting services. Most other label providers do, and their certification requirements fit with their incentives to sell more of what they sell. That's not what you'd expect as someone looking for an independent label. You want it to be about the climate outcomes.
So we are committed to creating and maintaining a clear, trusted certification and climate label.
This carries across to how we approach our work with companies. Think of us as providing a friendly but firm hand to companies: we tell them what they need to do in order to have a credible climate initiative. We want them to feel empowered, but we want them to understand that there is a bar they must clear.
Otherwise, we shun overhead costs, we're scrappy and tech-savvy, we're passionate, and we believe that the less we take, the more is left over for actually reducing climate pollution across companies' value chains.
Why just focus on greenhouse gas emissions when the world has so many sustainability problems?
Greenhouse gas emissions are the single most globally damaging form of pollution, and yet, they are mostly unregulated. Every sustainability goal is worthy, but most are irrelevant in a world made uninhabitable by carbon pollution.
Furthermore, efforts to reduce carbon emissions are often aligned with other environmental priorities. For example, recycled metals are typically less carbon intensive, and require less mining, which often means less destruction of wildlife habitat.
Why are you asking businesses to do something? Isn't this a government thing?
It's everybody's thing. Governments around the world should be regulating emissions, but unfortunately aren't, and we don't have time to spare. Climate change requires immediate action, which is why companies need to take responsibility for their own emissions. We hope this corporate movement will tell policymakers that there is mass public support for carbon regulation, spurring the government to take action.
How will you make the certification recognizable and valuable to consumers?
We're committed to making The Climate Label a household name and focusing on both our own marketing strategy and helping our brands communicate their certification to their customers. Follow us on X, LinkedIn, Facebook, and Instagram. We’re constantly having conversations with the media, and have a presence at top industry events and conferences.
We work hand-in-hand with our brands to help you promote your commitment and certification. And, our brands love to collaborate, so you’ll have the chance to reach new customers through giveaways and network-wide sales.
I want to bring this to my boss – do you have something I can share to help me make the case?
Sure do - share this website and drop us a line and we'll set you up with what you need to outline the business case!
Why is The Change Climate Project a nonprofit?
It's true - we do a lot of things that typical for-profit startups do. We make software, we provide advice to companies, we do marketing, and we even plan and run our organization a lot like a 'regular' startup.
But we're not a regular startup - we're a nonprofit startup. Specifically, a tech nonprofit startup (yes, that's a thing). And because of this, we are free and able to make certain choices in how we approach our work that wouldn't be possible with a for-profit structure. For example:
-- Our programs and pricing are optimized for access and reach, not profitability. A good chunk of our work involves bringing companies to the climate table for the first time, even if they don't think they have the resources or knowledge to become climate leaders. Sure, we could charge more for things, and if we had investors, they'd ask us to. But we don't, so we're able to focus more on impact.
-- We avoid conflicts of interest that for-profit companies often have. We don't want commercial interests to get in the way of our mission. We want you to trust us.
-- We work heavily with volunteers, which is not possible as a for-profit. We end up training hundreds of people in climate work, carbon accounting, and other skills. It's a bona fide win-win, and it's become an integral part of how we approach our work in an open, community-driven way.
Finally - we think a lot of the knowledge we peddle is not all that unique - and should be open source. The future of the global climate depends on how fast people figure out how to eliminate carbon emissions in a gazillion different places. It's imperative that we empower as many people with tools and know-how.
So: our programs optimize for access and scale; our independence builds trust; our programs build knowledge, skills, and capacity for action.
I’m a researcher/ scientist/academic and I have questions – how can I get in touch?
Reach out to us via our Contact Us page. We look forward to talking.
Do you have a product-level certification?
We certify companies at the brand level, which includes all emissions from making and delivering products and services. This is the only way to eliminate enough carbon and halt climate change. Companies consistently find that it costs less than a percent of revenues to meet the requirements of our certification.
But wait...there’s more. Measuring your entire brand-level footprint is also clearer to consumers trying to understand the label. To the guy at the supermarket, the spaghetti and the rigatoni more or less the same - why should one be certified and the other not? To keep everything clear and to enable brands to take more ambitious action, we only certify at the brand level.
The Climate Label Certification
How expensive are carbon credits?
There's no easy answer to this question, since the price of a carbon credit depends on the project, as well as market supply and demand. People are often surprised to learn that some carbon credits can be purchased for as little as $7 USD per metric ton. However, every carbon credit project is different, and quality varies widely. For that reason, it is important to look closely at the underlying project before you buy a carbon credit.
We advise companies to budget 0.5% of revenues to account for cradle-to-customer carbon emissions reductions and contributions toward global net-zero. Considering the magnitude of the climate challenge and the confusion many people feel about what to do about it, it's refreshing to know that something meaningful can be done about it for so little.
My company doesn’t make a physical product – am I already net-zero?
Even if you don't make a physical product, your operations generate greenhouse gas emissions, directly and indirectly. Everything from the electricity used to light your office and run your computer to employee work travel counts in calculating your carbon inventory.
Is there a size minimum or maximum for certification?
It’s hard to create a carbon footprint for an organization that doesn’t yet exist, or hasn’t completed a full year of operations. We recommend folks in those situations get in touch once they have a year under their belt.
On the other end of the spectrum, we’ll take even the largest companies. In fact, that’s the path to our greatest scale and impact.
What does Scope 1, 2, 3 emissions mean?
Scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions represent the entirety of a carbon footprint from a company’s activities.
- Scope 1 signifies direct emissions that come from on-site facilities. This can include the fuel you burn in company vehicles, the natural gas you use to heat your office, or any direct emissions from owned manufacturing plants.
- Scope 2 represents indirect emissions. This is mostly your purchased electricity.
- Scope 3 represents indirect emissions from your supply chain and in most cases makes up the majority of a company’s footprint. Scope 3 represents tCO2 emitted across the entire corporate value chain – that means emissions released from extracting raw materials used for finished products, corporate business travel, employee commuting, shipping and transporting, and more.
To learn more about Scopes 1, 2 and 3, visit World Resource Institute's GHG Protocol homepage.
How do Scope 3 emissions compare to Scope 1 and 2?
It depends on your company, but for many companies, Scope 3 emissions are the biggest chunk. These are emissions from your value chain: all of the activities you engage in as you create and bring your product to market. Quite often, all of the emissions embedded in the raw materials or services you purchase, the airline miles you fly, the commutes of your employees -- these add up to much more than your electric bill (Scope 2).
Calculating my company’s carbon footprint seems complex – how will I know the measurement is accurate?
There will always be uncertainty in estimating the entirety of a company’s footprint, if Scope 3 is included. Uncertainties stem from gaps in data, oversimplifications of reality to translate dollar values into units of tCO2e, and much more. But don’t let perfect be the enemy of good, especially if a carbon inventory is the foundation of your climate strategy, as it should be. Virtually all carbon inventories are well-informed, data-driven estimates, and we provide tools and resources to make this process more accessible to you. Our tech platform, the BEE, is a great way to get started, and works for most businesses that have fewer than 50 operating locations (offices, retail locations, factories, etc.) It combines the power of estimation with the capability to refine with physical / activity data.
How important is the "reduce" part of this?
Essential. We can’t stop the planet from warming more than 1.5 degrees C above pre-industrial levels unless we all take a good hard look in the mirror and come up with a plan to reduce our own emissions over time. Accordingly, we require that reduction plans are created and implemented on an annual basis and encourage brands to adopt reduction targets that are consistent with the latest climate science, for example by developing a target through the Science-based Targets Initiative.
Once I get certified, what happens?
First, give yourself a big pat on the back for this exciting accomplishment! Next, display The Climate Label on your products, website, and marketing materials to share your certification with the world. Continue to work on reducing your emissions and encourage more companies to follow your lead.
How much does it cost to get certified?
The total cost of certification consists mainly of the funding you're required to allocate toward your climate transition projects. The amount of money is equal to the minimum required carbon price times the size of your carbon inventory.
Our program fees help pay for the work we’re doing to build the movement behind our label -- and our work to certify companies. The smaller your footprint, the less you pay us. In a perfect world, everyone’s emissions would be zero and our work would be done!
I’m a member of 1% for the Planet. Do my certification costs count toward my 1% contribution?
Costs for value chain projects: Maybe! Please check with your 1% for the Planet contact to confirm the eligibility of your value chain expenditures.
Certification costs paid to TCCP: Yes! We are a nonprofit that is recognized by 1% for the Planet.
Costs for carbon credits: Yes! We can send you a list of carbon credit providers that are in the 1% for the Planet network.
My company already has a strong climate initiative. Can I get certified with the work we're already doing?
That's great that you already have a plan — nice work! Now, we just need to make sure it fits our certification requirements. Drop us a line and we'll give you some quick feedback and identify any gaps. You could already be close!